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高频单词英语短文

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高频单词英语短文

    4.3 形合与意合

    英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句,注重显性接应(overt cohesion),注重句子形式,注重结构完整。汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段,注重隐性连贯(covert coherence),注重逻辑事理顺序,注重功能和意义,注重以神统形。英语中起连接作用的词语甚多,不仅包括像and,or,but,if,when等连词,还包括副词(如therefore,hence,consequently)、形容词(如next,final)、代词(如another,still another,this,that)、各种短语(如介词短语in a word,in short,at least,for example,in addition,by contrast;形容词短语more than,rather than;动词短语to sum up,to put it another way,to be more exact)以至短句(如that is to say)。汉语中也不是没有相关的连接词语,不过,使用频率低得多。比如,《天净沙》原文“意合”特点非常明显,如果加上一些连接词,其节奏与美感便会大打折扣:枯藤(和)老树(和)昏鸦,小桥(和)流水(和)人家,古道(和)西风(和)瘦马,(在)夕阳西下(之时),(却有)断肠人在天涯。下面来看一些翻译实例,请注意英语句子中的斜体部分。

    原文:If winter comes,can spring be far behind?

    译文:冬天来了,春天还会远么?

    原文:As water can float a ship,so can it swallow the ship.

    译文:水能载舟,亦能覆舟。

    原文:Put into an old Chinese proverb,it means that one will never find it difficult to do anything until one has experienced it.

    译文:用一句古老的中国谚语来说:事非经过不知难。

    原文:If rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease,it is called secondary hypertension.

    译文:某种其他疾病伴发的高血压,称为继发性高血压。

    原文:He had a disconcerning habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.

    译文:他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。

    原文:Change of information,if any,concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.

    译文:本节内容如有更改,均见本书末附录。

    原文:It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth,and some of them their lives,before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.

    译文:那上个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天,美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,当日的青年已经失去了青春,有的丧失了生命。

    原文:酒醉智昏

    译文:When wine is in,wit is out.

    原文:欲盖弥彰

    译文:The more one tries to hide,the more one is exposed.

    原文:上梁不正下梁歪。

    译文:If the upper beam is not straight,the lower ones will go aslant./When those above behave unworthily,those below will do the same.

    原文:聪明一世,糊涂一时。

    译文:Smart as a rule,but this time a fool.

    原文:种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。

    译文:As you sow,so will you reap.

    原文:前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。

    译文:While the prospects are bright,the road has twists and turns.

    原文:发展体育运动,增强人民体质。

    译文:Promote physical culture and build up the people's health.

    原文:不入虎穴,焉得虎子?

    译文:If one does not enter the tiger's den,how can he get a tiger's cub?

    原文:跑得了和尚跑不了庙。

    译文:The monks may run away,but never can their temple.

    原文:(杭州)西湖如明镜,千峰凝翠,洞壑幽深,风光绮丽。

    译文:Lake is like a mirror,embellished with green hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty.

    值得一提的是,英语重形合并不表明它就没有意合句,恺撒的名言“I came,I saw,I conquered.”就是典型的意合表达。在语言发展的早期阶段,一个简单的思想就用一个词、词组或句子来表示,在此基础上又有了第二个意思,就用第二个词、词组或句子来表示。如果这第二个思想与第一个思想有某种逻辑关系,如因果、条件、让步、时间等,则把第二个放到第一个的后面。往往是原因在前,结果在后;条件在前,结果在后;时间早的在前,时间晚的在后;让步在前,结果在后。这样就形成了复合的句子,这就是意合。但是意合的句子无形式标志,有时会产生歧义。因此,后来就有了标示各种关系的连接词出现,这就出现了形合。现代英语中有许多从古英语或中古英语中遗留下来的谚语、成语仍是意合句,例如:Man proposes,God disposes./No discord,no concord./No pains,no gains./Easy come,easy go./Out of sight,out of mind./First come,first served./Like father,like son./Nothing venture,nothing gain.

    

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